VERB / GERUND / INFINITIVE

Using Gerunds or infinitives

One of the difficulties of the English language is to know whether to use a gerund  (ex : doing) or an infinitive (ex : to do).

Generally speaking we can use the following rules:

Examples		Rules	Explanations
Verb + gerund	1. I enjoy playing 2. I denied stealing	Often we use the gerund for an action that happens before or at the same time as the action of the main verb.	1. I enjoy myself at the time of playing. 2. I deny having stolen anything before.
Verb + infinitive	1. I decided to visit my uncle 2. I want to go out	Often we use the infinitive for actions that follow the action of the main verb.	1. Visiting my uncle was an action of my decision. It comes after. 2. What I want (now) is to go out (after/later)

These rules are helpful but DO NOT always explain all uses of gerunds and infinitives.

Verbs commonly followed by a gerund

1- After verbs that express likes/dislikes :

• like
• love
• enjoy
• dislike
• hate

Example:

" I like playing soccer but I hate boxing."

Note "like/love/hate..." can be also followed by an infinitive:

Example:

I like to watch TV in the evening.

2- After verbs  such as : 

Verbs	Examples
admit	He admitted stealing the wallet.
advise	I wouldn't advise buying a used car.
allow	They don't allow smoking here. (Note that when an object is introduced an infinitive is used instead of a gerund: they allowed us to leave early.)
anticipate	He anticipated passing the exam.
avoid	She avoided meeting him.
appreciate	I appreciate working with you.
complete	They completed building their house.
consider	She considered starting a new business.
delay	She delayed doing her homework.
deny	He denied stealing the money.
fancy	Fancy meeting you here!
finish	She finished writing the letter.
go	go swimming.
imagine	He imagines meeting her.
involve	the job involves working in teams.
keep	He keeps complaining about his girlfriend.
mention	He mentioned working in that company.
mind	Would you mind helping me?
miss	He misses talking to her.
permit	The don't permit smoking here. (Note that, like allow, when an object is introduced an infinitive is used instead of a gerund: they permitted us to leave early.)
postpone	They postponed traveling to Japan.
practice	She practiced painting.
reject	He rejected working with them.
resist	He couldn't resist eating the cake.
risk	She risks losing her job.
suggest	I suggest leaving early.
waste time/money	Don't waste my time complaining.

3- After prepositions

• aim at
• keep on
• interested in    
• instead of
• good at
• before ...
• after ...

Example:

"I am interested in collecting stamps."
"After playing football I drank an orange juice".

4- After some expressions :

• It's no use ...
• It's no good ...
• There's no point in ...
• I can't help...
• I don't mind...
• I can't stand/bear...

" It's no use convincing him to meet her. "

Verbs that can be followed by an infinitive

1- After verbs that  generally refer to a future event:

Verbs	Examples
afford	We can't afford to buy a new car.
agree	She agreed to help him.
aim	The government aims to reduce illiteracy rates
arrange	He arranged to stay at a hotel.
attempt	He attempted to join them.
choose	He chose to stay at home.
consent	She consented to marry him.
decide	They decided to go to the movies.
deserve	He deserves to be punished.
demand	He demanded to speak to Mrs. Lynch
endeavor	They endeavor to provide the best possible service
expect	They expected to arrive early.
fail	He failed to convince him.
happen	They happened to be at the theatre when we met them.
help	She helped me to do the exercise. (Note, help is also followed by a bare infinitive: She helped me do the exercise.)
hope	I hope to join you as soon as possible.
intend	She intends to write an autobiography.
learn	He learned to play the guitar when he was young.
manage	He managed to do his homework without his mother's help.
need	I need to find a job.
offer	He offers to help us.
plan	He plans to follow a career as an engineer.
pretend	The child pretended to be asleep.
proceed	He proceeded to show us how to use the machine.
promise	She promised to come on time.
refuse	She refused to forgive him.
seem	He seemed to be unhappy.
swear	I swear to tell the truth.
threaten	He threatened to reveal her secret.
volunteer	He always volunteers to help the needy.
want	I want to finish my work early.
would hate	He would hate to lose.
would like	He would like to drink a cup of tea.
would love	I would love to meet you.

2- After adjectives

• be determined
• be disappointed
• be glad
• be happy
• be pleased 

Examples:

"I'm glad to know that you passed the exam."
"I'm pleased to meet you."
"I'm disappointed to hear that you flunked maths."

3- After "too" & "enough":

too difficult
easy enough

Example:

"It's too difficult to convince him to be helpful."
" But it's easy enough to fool him to get what you want."

Verbs that can be followed by both an infinitive and a gerund:

Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive. Here are some examples:

• start
• begin
• stop
• remember...

Example:

"I started smoking when I was young."
"I started to smoke when I left the office."

Complete the sentences using "-to infinitive" or gerund:

1. I don't want  (help) you with your homework.

2. Mary suggested  (go) to the movies.

3. I recommend you  (take) the bus. It's faster.

4. I promise  (call) her tomorrow.

5. She asked  (come) with me.

6. I dislike  (listen) to stupid stories.

7. I don't mind  (help) you with your English.

8. Steve enjoys  (play) basketball a lot.

RELATIVE CLAUSES

RELATIVE CLAUSES INTRODUCTION

Defining relative clauses are composed of a relative pronoun (sometimes omitted), a verb, and optional other elements such as the subject or object of the verb. Commas are not used to separate defining relative clauses from the rest of the sentence. Commas or parentheses are used to separate non-defining relative clauses from the rest of the sentence.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

The following relative pronouns are used in defining relative clauses. These relative pronouns appear at the start of the defining relative clause and refer to a noun that appears earlier in the sentence.

	Person	Thing	Place	Time	Reason
Subject	who/that	which/that
Object	who/whom/that	which/that	where	when	why

“That” es el pronombre relativo más utilizado en el inglés hablado, ya que se puede utilizar tanto con personas como con cosas. Se utiliza para sustituir “which”, “who” o “whom” en cláusulas que definen el sustantivo.

Ejemplos:

That

This is the book that won the Pulitzer prize last year.(Este es el libro que ganó el Permio Pulizer el año pasado.)

This is the restaurant that received the excellent reviews in the newspaper.

Which” sólo se puede utilizar con las cosas.

Ejemplos:

My new job, which I only started last week, is already very stressful.(Mi nuevo trabajo, que acabo de empezar la semana pasada, ya es muy estresante.)

The house which we lived in when we were children burnt down last week.(La casa en la que vivíamos cuando éramos niños se quemó la semana pasada.)

Who

Solo se puede utilizar “who” con personas.

Ejemplos:

My sister, who just moved in with me, is looking for a job.(Mi hermana, que se acaba de mudar conmigo, está buscando trabajo.)

I never met someone who didn’t like music.(Nunca he conocido a alguien que no le guste la música.)

When and where

Estos adverbios relativos a veces se utilizan en lugar de un pronombre relativo para hacer la frase más fácil de entender. Estos adverbios se refieren a expresiones de tiempo, lugares o motivos.

Ejemplos:

The university where I teach is an excellent school.(La universidad donde enseño es una escuela excelente.)

Can you tell me when is the best time to call?(¿Puedes decirme cuando es la mejor hora para llamar?)

Exercise 1 - Defining relative clauses

Choose the correct answer.

1. A hotel is a place   whichwhere people stay when they're on holiday.
2. What's the name of the woman   whowhose lives in that house?
3. What do you call someone   whichthat writes computer programs?
4. A waiter is a person   thatwhose job is to serve customers in a restaurant.
5. Overalls are clothes   wherewhich people wear to protect their clothes when they are working.
6. Is that the shop   wherethat you bought your new laptop?
7. He's the man   whowhose son plays football for Manchester Utd.
8. Hal didn't get the job   thatwhere he applied for.